A deficiency in surfactant, made of phospholipids, is associated with which condition?

A deficiency in surfactant is primarily associated with Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS), which commonly occurs in premature infants whose lungs are not fully developed. Surfactant is a complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins that reduces the surface tension in the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing and facilitating easier breathing. In premature infants, surfactant production may be insufficient, leading to difficulty in lung expansion, decreased lung compliance, and resultant respiratory distress.

The significance of surfactant becomes evident in the pathology of NRDS: without adequate surfactant, the alveoli tend to collapse (atelectasis), resulting in impaired gas exchange and respiratory failure. Clinically, this manifests as rapid, shallow breathing, grunting, and cyanosis shortly after birth.

Understanding the role of surfactant and its deficiency can help clarify the reasons why conditions like asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pneumothorax are not associated with surfactant deficiency. Asthma is primarily characterized by bronchial hyperreactivity and inflammation rather than surfactant issues. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease involves chronic airway obstruction due to factors like long-term smoking and is not fundamentally linked to surfactant levels. Pneumoth