What testicular tumor should be suspected in a male with elevated AFP levels?

In considering the relationship between elevated AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) levels and testicular tumors, it's important to understand which types of tumors are associated with this specific biomarker. Elevated AFP is particularly notable in non-seminomatous germ cell tumors.

Yolk sac tumors, a type of non-seminomatous germ cell tumor, are widely recognized for their association with elevated AFP levels. These tumors are often found in young males and can produce AFP, making its measurement a useful diagnostic tool in identifying this specific type of malignancy.

While seminomas typically do not produce AFP and are more associated with elevated hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) levels, certain mixed germ cell tumors may contain seminomatous and non-seminomatous elements, adding complexity to the interpretation of markers. Thus, if a tumor mix is involved, the presence of yolk sac components could contribute to elevated AFP.

Choriocarcinoma, another type of germ cell tumor, is primarily associated with elevated hCG rather than AFP. However, in the setting of mixed germ cell tumors, elevated AFP can signal the presence of yolk sac components.

Considering the potential for mixed tumors where yol